Hardware and operating systems:
Laptop: Lenovo ThinkPad X280 - Ultraportable 12.5’’ Business Laptop
Disk: 1 TB NVMe SSD WDC PC SN730 SDBQNTY-1T00-1001 - Form Factor: M.2 2280 M-S3
FreeBSD 13.0
Windows 10 Professional
Note:
In code excerpts and examples, the long lines are folded and then indented to make sure they fit the page.
Start with a pre-installed Windows 10 that’s already on the machine. In this case, I wanted to start from a clean slate so I used the Lenovo factory recovery USB key to reformat the hard drive and reinstall Windows 10 Pro. ¹
Some of the disk’s 1 TB capacity is used for formatting and other functions and is not available for data storage. Windows reported that the C: volume’s capacity is 953 GB.
Log into Windows, and shrink the C: volume (Windows NTFS partition) to get some free space.
After shrinking the C: volume, the disk is split like:
Reported by Windows Disk Management:
Disk 0, Type: Basic, Size: 953.85 GB
WDC PC SN730 SDBQNTY-1T00-1001
Device type: Disk drives
Location: Location 4 (Bus Number 0, Target Id 0, LUN 0)
+----------------------+--------+-----------+---------------+
| Volume | File | Capacity | Partition |
| | System | | Type |
+----------------------+--------+-----------+---------------+
| (Disk 0 partition 1) | | 260 MB | EFI |
+----------------------+--------+-----------+---------------+
| (Disk 0 partition 4) | | 1000 MB | ms-recovery |
+----------------------+--------+-----------+---------------+
| Windows (C:) | NTFS | 220.20 GB | ms-basic-data |
+----------------------+--------+-----------+---------------+
| Unallocated | | 732.42 GB | - free - |
+----------------------+--------+-----------+---------------+
Now you have free space so you can boot up with FreeBSD installer and install FreeBSD in that space.
Download FreeBSD CD ISO installer image for the amd64 architecture.
$ fetch \
https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/releases/amd64/amd64/ISO-IMAGES/13.0/FreeBSD-13.0-RELEASE-amd64-disc1.iso
Insert a USB flash drive into an available USB slot on your workstation.
You can use NomadBSD for writing the FreeBSD installer image on the USB flash drive.
NomadBSD is a FreeBSD-derived operating system distribution.
It’s a persistent live system for USB flash drives. Together with automatic hardware detection and setup, it is configured to be used as a desktop system that works out of the box, but can also be used for data recovery, for educational purposes, or to test FreeBSD’s hardware compatibility.
% dmesg | tail
umass1 on uhub2
umass1: <Lexar USB Flash Drive, class 0/0, rev 2.00/11.00, addr 3> on usbus1
umass1: SCSI over Bulk-Only; quirks = 0x8100
umass1:6:1: Attached to scbus6
da1 at umass-sim1 bus 1 scbus6 target 0 lun 0
da1: <Lexar USB Flash Drive 1100> Removable Direct Access SPC-2 SCSI device
da1: Serial Number AA3ZKR4IVHT7LBGW
da1: 40.000MB/s transfers
da1: 15263MB (31258624 512 byte sectors)
da1: quirks=0x2<NO_6_BYTE>
Create the FreeBSD installer USB stick.
Write the .iso file to the inserted USB thumb drive with dd(1) command.
% sudo dd if=FreeBSD-13.0-RELEASE-amd64-disc1.iso of=/dev/da1 bs=1M conv=sync
Remove the installer USB stick.
You might need to adjust the BIOS configuration on the computer where you are installing FreeBSD to boot from the FreeBSD installer USB stick. Insert the installer USB stick into an available USB slot on the computer where you are installing FreeBSD.
Follow the prompts as per the FreeBSD Handbook’s instructions. ²
The FreeBSD Boot Loader Menu similar to the following is displayed.
______ ____ _____ _____
| ____| | _ \ / ____| __ \
| |___ _ __ ___ ___ | |_) | (___ | | | |
| ___| '__/ _ \/ _ \| _ < \___ \| | | |
| | | | | __/ __/| |_) |____) | |__| |
| | | | | | || | | |
|_| |_| \___|\___||____/|_____/|_____/
``` `
+-----------Welcome to FreeBSD------------+ s` `.....---.......--.``` -/
| | +o .--` /y:` +.
| 1. Boot Multi user [Enter] | yo`:. :o `+-
| 2. Boot Single user | y/ -/` -o/
| 3. Escape to loader prompt | .- ::/sy+:.
| 4. Reboot | / `-- /
| | `: :`
| Options: | `: :`
| 5. Kernel: default/kernel (1 of 1) | / /
| 6. Boot Options | .- -.
| | -- -.
| | `:` `:`
| | .-- `--.
+-----------------------------------------+ .---.....----.
Autoboot in 9 seconds, hit [Enter] to boot or any other key to stop
In the FreeBSD Boot Loader Menu, select 1. Boot Multi User [Enter].
To review the boot messages, including the hardware device probe, press the upper- or lower-case S and then Enter to access a shell. At the shell prompt, type more
/var/run/dmesg.bootand use the space bar to scroll through the messages. When finished, typeexitto return to the welcome menu.
For details, see the FreeBSD Handbook instructions:
2.4.4. FreeBSD Boot Menu - Chapter 2. Installing FreeBSD
Once the boot is complete, the ``Welcome Menu’’ is displayed.
Welcome
Welcome to FreeBSD! Would you
like to begin an installation
or use the live CD?
<Install> < Shell > <Live CD>
Choose Shell. (When finished, you can type exit to return to the installer and continue installation, or to restart the system.)
# cd /tmp
If you would like to have a log of everything printed on your terminal during FreeBSD installation, start the script(1) utility.
# script
# mkdir /tmp/etc /tmp/root
# mount_unionfs /tmp/etc /etc
# mount_unionfs /tmp/root /root
# printf %s\\n 'PermitRootLogin yes' >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config
# passwd
# service sshd onestart
Add three FreeBSD slices (called partitions in other operating systems).
The third partition is a ZFS slice, occupying the rest of the available free disk space.
Label all three partitions with GPT Labels.
# gpart add -a 4k -l swap0 -s 1G -t freebsd-swap nvd0
# gpart add -a 4k -l swap1 -s 4G -t freebsd-swap nvd0
# gpart add -a 4k -l zfs0 -t freebsd-zfs nvd0
Explanation:
-a 4k: align a partition on 4KB boundaries
-l <label_name>: create the label attached to the partition <label_name>
-s <partition_size>: create a partition of size <partition_size>
-t <partition_type>: create the partition type of <partition_type>
(List of partition types is included in the man page for gpart(8))
# gpart show
=> 34 2000409197 nvd0 GPT (954G)
34 2014 - free - (1.0M)
2048 532480 1 efi (260M)
534528 32768 2 ms-reserved (16M)
567296 461793280 3 ms-basic-data (220G)
462360576 2097152 5 freebsd-swap (1.0G)
464457728 8388608 6 freebsd-swap (4.0G)
472846336 1525514240 7 freebsd-zfs (727G)
1998360576 2048000 4 ms-recovery (1.0G)
2000408576 655 - free - (328K)
Load the zfs module, create a ZFS pool, and export it.
# kldload zfs
# sysctl vfs.zfs.min_auto_ashift=12
# mkdir /tmp/zroot
# zpool create -f -o altroot=/tmp/zroot -O compress=lz4 -O atime=off -m none zroot /dev/gpt/zfs0
# zpool export zroot
Note:
To force ZFS to choose 4K disk blocks when creating zpools, set the tunable sysctl vfs.zfs.min_auto_ashift to 12.
(If you want to make it permanent, add the following line to /etc/sysctl.conf so that any future zpools created on your system are created with 4K disk blocks):
sysctl vfs.zfs.min_auto_ashift=12
Create ZFS datasets compatible with BE (Boot Environment) by placing the root dataset under ROOT.
# zpool import -o altroot=/tmp/zroot zroot
# zfs create -o mountpoint=none zroot/ROOT
# zfs create -o mountpoint=/ zroot/ROOT/default
# zfs create -o mountpoint=/tmp -o exec=on -o setuid=off zroot/tmp
# zfs create -o mountpoint=/usr -o canmount=off zroot/usr
# zfs create zroot/usr/home
# zfs create -o setuid=off zroot/usr/ports
# zfs create -o mountpoint=/var -o canmount=off zroot/var
# zfs create -o exec=off -o setuid=off zroot/var/audit
# zfs create -o exec=off -o setuid=off zroot/usr/src
# zfs create -o exec=off -o setuid=off zroot/var/crash
# zfs create -o exec=off -o setuid=off zroot/var/log
# zfs create -o atime=on zroot/var/mail
# zfs create -o setuid=off zroot/var/tmp
# zpool set bootfs=zroot/ROOT/default zroot
# chmod 1777 /tmp/zroot/tmp
# chmod 1777 /tmp/zroot/var/tmp
Here you are installing FreeBSD manually so you need to extract a minimum FreeBSD installation, which includes three components: base (Base system), lib32 (32-bit compatibility libraries), kernel (Kernel).
# cd /tmp/zroot
# ln -s usr/home home
# tar xvJpf /usr/freebsd-dist/base.txz
# tar xvJpf /usr/freebsd-dist/lib32.txz
# tar xvJpf /usr/freebsd-dist/kernel.txz
Ensure the ZFS module will be loaded by the loader.
# printf %s\\n 'zfs_enable="YES"' >> /tmp/zroot/etc/rc.conf
# printf %s\\n 'zfs_load="YES"' >> /tmp/zroot/boot/loader.conf
To disable Disk ID labels and GPT GUID (GPT ID) labels, add the following two lines in /boot/loader.conf so that disks are always gpt/<your_gpt_label_here> and never DISK-<disk_serial_number_here>. ³
# printf %s\\n 'kern.geom.label.disk_ident.enable="0"' >> /tmp/zroot/boot/loader.conf
# printf %s\\n 'kern.geom.label.gptid.enable="0"' >> /tmp/zroot/boot/loader.conf
# printf %s\\n 'dumpdev="AUTO"' >> /tmp/zroot/etc/rc.conf
# printf %s\\n 'powerd_enable="YES"' >> /tmp/zroot/etc/rc.conf
Make a note of swap partitions.
# printf "/dev/gpt/swap0\tnone\tswap\tsw\t0\t0\n" >> /tmp/zroot/etc/fstab
# printf "/dev/gpt/swap1\tnone\tswap\tsw\t0\t0\n" >> /tmp/zroot/etc/fstab
Set UTC to Yes or No, and select your time zone.
# tzsetup -C /tmp/zroot
# chroot /tmp/zroot/
# passwd
Installing the FreeBSD boot manager overwrites the Windows boot code, resulting in an unbootable Windows. To work around that, install rEFInd, an EFI boot manager utility, and configure it for a dual boot with FreeBSD and Windows 10.
Note:
If the steps outlined below don’t work because you still don’t have network connection, download rEFInd on a separate machine and copy it to the system you are installing FreeBSD on. ⁴
# cd /tmp
# fetch https://iweb.dl.sourceforge.net/project/refind/0.13.2/refind-bin-0.13.2.zip
# unzip refind-bin-0.13.2.zip
# rm refind-bin-0.13.2.zip
# mkdir /tmp/efi
# mount_msdosfs /dev/gpt/EFI%20system%20partition /tmp/efi/
# cd /tmp/efi/EFI/Boot
# mv bootx64.efi bootx64-windows-10.efi
# cp /boot/boot1.efi bootx64-freebsd.efi
# cp -a /tmp/refind-bin-0.13.2/refind/icons .
# cp -a /tmp/refind-bin-0.13.2/refind/refind_x64.efi bootx64.efi
# cp /tmp/refind-bin-0.13.2/refind/refind.conf-sample refind.conf
cat << EOF >> refind.conf
menuentry "FreeBSD/amd64 -RELEASE" {
loader \EFI\Boot\bootx64-freebsd.efi
icon \EFI\Boot\icons\os_freebsd.png
}
menuentry "Windows 10 x64" {
loader \EFI\Boot\bootx64-windows-10.efi
icon \EFI\Boot\icons\os_win.png
}
EOF
# cd
# reboot
First login into FreeBSD after fresh install.
# ps $$
PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND
1543 0 Ss 0:00.01 /bin/csh -i
# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
zroot/ROOT/default zfs 701G 717M 701G 0% /
devfs devfs 1.0K 1.0K 0B 100% /dev
zroot/tmp zfs 701G 9.6M 701G 0% /tmp
zroot/var/log zfs 701G 140K 701G 0% /var/log
zroot/usr/ports zfs 701G 96K 701G 0% /usr/ports
zroot/usr/home zfs 701G 96K 701G 0% /usr/home
zroot/var/crash zfs 701G 96K 701G 0% /var/crash
zroot/var/audit zfs 701G 96K 701G 0% /var/audit
zroot/usr/src zfs 701G 96K 701G 0% /usr/src
zroot/var/mail zfs 701G 96K 701G 0% /var/mail
zroot/var/tmp zfs 701G 96K 701G 0% /var/tmp
# zfs list
NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT
zroot 729M 701G 96K none
zroot/ROOT 717M 701G 96K none
zroot/ROOT/default 717M 701G 717M /
zroot/tmp 9.59M 701G 9.59M /tmp
zroot/usr 288K 701G 96K /usr
zroot/usr/home 96K 701G 96K /usr/home
zroot/usr/ports 96K 701G 96K /usr/ports
zroot/usr/src 96K 701G 96K /usr/src
zroot/var 620K 701G 96K /var
zroot/var/audit 96K 701G 96K /var/audit
zroot/var/crash 96K 701G 96K /var/crash
zroot/var/log 140K 701G 140K /var/log
zroot/var/mail 96K 701G 96K /var/mail
zroot/var/tmp 96K 701G 96K /var/tmp
# cat /boot/loader.conf
zfs_load="YES"
kern.geom.label.disk_ident_enable="0"
kern.geom.label.gptid.enable="0"
# cat /etc/rc.conf
zfs_enable="YES"
dumpdev="AUTO"
powerd_enable="YES"
NOTE: The hostname has not been set.
# hostname
# uname -a
FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE #0
releng/13.0-n244733-ea31abc261f: Fri Apr 9 04:24:09 UTC 2021
root@releng1.nyi.freebsd.org:/usr/obj/usr/src/amd64.amd64/sys/GENERIC am
# sysctl -a | grep -i realtek
dev.ure.0.%desc: Realtek USB 10/100 LAN, class 0/0, rev 3.00/30.00, addr 9
dev.pcm.1.%desc: Realtek ALC257 (Right Analog Mic)
dev.pcm.0.%desc: Realtek ALC257 (Analog 2.0+HP/2.0)
dev.hdaa.0.%desc: Realtek ALC257 Audio Function Group
dev.hdacc.0.%desc: Realtek ALC257 HDA CODEC
# man -k Ethernet | grep -i adapter | grep -i realtek
re, if_re(4) - RealTek 8139C+/8169/816xS/811xS/8168/810xE/8111 PCI/PCIe Ethernet adapter drive
# sysctl -a | grep 'dev.ure.0'
dev.ure.0.chipver: 5c30
dev.ure.0.%parent: uhub3
dev.ure.0.%pnpinfo: vendor=0x0bda product=0x8153 devclass=0x00
devsubclass=0x00 devproto=0x00 sernum="000001" release=0x3000 mode=host
intclass=0xff intsubclass=0xff intprotocol=0x00
dev.ure.0.%location: bus=0 hubaddr=9 port=1 devaddr=10 interface=0 ugen=ugen0.10
dev.ure.0.%driver: ure
dev.ure.0.%desc: Realtek USB 10/100 LAN, class 0/0, rev 3.00/30.00, addr 9
# service netif stop
# printf %s\\n "nameserver 192.168.1.254" > ure0_resolv.conf
# cat ure0_resolv.conf
nameserver 192.168.1.254
# cat /etc/resolv.conf
cat: /etc/resolv.conf: No such file or directory
# resolvconf -I
# resolvconf -a ure0 < ure0_resolv.conf
# resolvconf -u
# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by resolvconf
nameserver 192.168.1.254
# printf %s\\n 'defaultrouter="192.168.1.254"' >> /etc/rc.conf
# cat /etc/rc.conf
zfs_enable="YES"
dumpdev="AUTO"
powerd_enable="YES"
ifconfig_ue0="DHCP"
defaultrouter="192.168.1.254"
# netstat -rn
Routing tables
Internet6:
Destination Gateway Flags Netif Expire
::/96 ::1 UGRS lo0
::ffff:0.0.0.0/96 ::1 UGRS lo0
fe80::/10 ::1 UGRS lo0
ff02::/16 ::1 UGRS lo0
NOTE: Not needed: route add default 192.168.1.254 as with the following netif restart, it will pick up the default router from /etc/rc.conf.
# service netif restart ue0
# ping -c2 freebsd.org
PING freebsd.org (96.47.72.84): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 96.47.72.84: icmp_seq=0 ttl=56 time=74.684 ms
64 bytes from 96.47.72.84: icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=75.789 ms
--- freebsd.org ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0.0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 74.684/75.237/75.789/0.553 ms
# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by resolvconf
nameserver 192.168.1.254
nameserver 75.153.176.9
# freebsd-version
13.0-RELEASE
# freebsd-version -k
13.0-RELEASE
# freebsd-version -u
13.0-RELEASE
# freebsd-version -r
13.0-RELEASE
# uname -a
FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE #0
releng/13.0-n244733-ea31abc261f: Fri Apr 9 04:24:09 UTC 2021
root@releng1.nyi.freebsd.org:/usr/obj/usr/src/amd64.amd64/sys/GENERIC amd64
# freebsd-update fetch
# freebsd-update install
# pkg
The package management tool is not yet installed on your system.
Do you want to fetch and install it now? [y/N]: y
# pkg-static upgrade -f pkg
# pkg upgrade -f
# freebsd-version
13.0-RELEASE-p5
# freebsd-version -k
13.0-RELEASE-p4
# freebsd-version -u
13.0-RELEASE-p5
# freebsd-version -r
13.0-RELEASE
# uname -a
FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE #0
releng/13.0-n244733-ea31abc261f: Fri Apr 9 04:24:09 UTC 2021
root@releng1.nyi.freebsd.org:/usr/obj/usr/src/amd64.amd64/sys/GENERIC amd64
Correct system time.
# date
Sat Dec 25 21:39:51 PST 2021
# date 1342
Sat Dec 25 13:42:00 PST 2021
# date
Sat Dec 25 13:42:02 PST 2021
# shutdown -r now
Add a user and add it to group wheel.
# pw useradd dusko -G wheel -m -s csh
# passwd dusko
Create a hostname:
# printf %s\\n 'hostname="fbsd1.home.arpa"' >> /etc/rc.conf
Install xorg metapackage. ⁵
# pkg info | wc -l
1
# pkg install xorg
Messages from two packages mentioned two environment variables (which I chose not to create): Package freetype2 mentioned the environment variable “FREETYPE_PROPERTIES”. Package wayland mentioned “XDG_RUNTIME_DIR” environment variable.
Note:
Your X Windows configuration file is typically /etc/X11/XF86Config if you are using XFree86, and /etc/X11/xorg.conf if you are using X.Org.
In FreeBSD: /usr/local/etc/X11/.
/usr/local/etc/X11/fontpath.d/
/usr/local/etc/X11/xinit/
/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
To make sure that the freetype module is loaded, add the following line to the “Modules” section of the X Window System configuration file.
# vi /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/modules.conf
# cat /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/modules.conf
Section "Module"
Load "freetype"
EndSection
For the DejaVu fonts (font family), add the following line to the “Files” section of your X Window System configuration file.
# vi /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf
# cat /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf
Section "Files"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/dejavu/"
EndSection
# vi /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/card.conf
Note:
Did not need to add Option "DPMS" explicitly to enable Display Power Management Signaling extension. (DPMS enables the X server to reduce monitor power consumption when not in use.)
# cat /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/card.conf
Section "Device"
Identifier "Card0"
Driver "modesetting"
EndSection
Multi-keyboard layout.
# vi /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/keyboard.conf
# cat /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/keyboard.conf
Section "InputClass"
Identifier "All Keyboards"
MatchIsKeyboard "yes"
Option "XkbLayout" "us, rs(latinunicode), rs"
Option "XkbOptions" "ctrl:nocaps,grp:rctrl_toggle"
EndSection
card.conf (Did not need to add "DPMS" explicitly)
fonts.conf
module.conf
keyboard.conf
Add your regular user to group video.
# pw usermod -L video -n dusko
Install the metaport of DRM modules for the linuxkpi-based KMS components. Installing drm-kmod installs three packages: drm-fbsd13-kmod, drm-kmod, gpu-firmware-kmod.
# pkg install drm-kmod
Index the man pages (UNIX manuals), to make keywords available for fast retrieval by apropos(1), whatis(1), and man(1)’s -k option.
# makewhatis
# pkg install sudo
Use visudo(8) to edit the sudoers file (/usr/local/etc/sudoers)
# cp -i /usr/local/etc/sudoers /tmp/sudoers.original.bak
Allow members of group wheel to execute any command.
# visudo
# diff --unified=0 /tmp/sudoers.original.bak /usr/local/etc/sudoers
--- /tmp/sudoers.original.bak 2021-12-26 21:11:43.646443000 -0800
+++ /usr/local/etc/sudoers 2021-12-26 21:12:41.517985000 -0800
@@ -90 +90 @@
-# %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
+%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
# cp -i /etc/login.conf /tmp/login.conf
# vi /etc/login.conf
# diff --unified=0 /tmp/login.conf /etc/login.conf
--- /tmp/login.conf 2021-12-26 21:25:11.745352000 -0800
+++ /etc/login.conf 2021-12-26 21:27:30.345516000 -0800
@@ -332,0 +333,5 @@
+
+video:\
+ :charset=UTF-8:\
+ :lang=en_CA.UTF-8:\
+ :tc=default:
# cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf
# shutdown -r now
% sudo pkg install xlsfonts xfontsel xfd xloadimage xv
% sudo pkg install vdesk
% sudo pkg install slock dmenu
% sudo pkg install vim-gtk3
% sudo pkg install tea
[TODO]
Add links to dotfiles.
Create ~/.xinitrc (xrdb, fonts, beep, xsetroot, xrandr, twm, xclock, xload)
Create ~/.twmrc
Create ~/.Xresources -> xrdb ~/.Xresources
% sudo pkg install taskwarrior
% sudo pkg install remind
% sudo pkg install cheat
In ~/.cshrc:
Modify ~/.cshrc
alias man man -P less -IMFXRJj4, prompt, vi key binding, taskrc, history,
locale -> LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_TIME, LANG
Add the line setenv TASKRC /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/.taskrc to ~/.cshrc
% printf %s\\n "$CHEAT_CONFIG_PATH"
CHEAT_CONFIG_PATH: Undefined variable.
% grep CHEAT_CONFIG_PATH ~/.cshrc
setenv CHEAT_CONFIG_PATH /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/cheat/conf.yml
Add the line setenv CHEAT_CONFIG_PATH /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/cheat/conf.yml to ~/.cshrc
% vi ~/.cshrc
% grep CHEAT_CONFIG_PATH ~/.cshrc
setenv CHEAT_CONFIG_PATH /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/cheat/conf.yml
% source ~/.cshrc
% printf %s\\n "$CHEAT_CONFIG_PATH"
/mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/cheat/conf.yml
% wc -l /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/cheat/conf.yml
69 /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/cheat/conf.yml
% sed '/^[[:space:]]*$/d' \
/mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/cheat/conf.yml | grep -v \#
---
editor: vim
colorize: true
style: monokai
formatter: terminal16m
pager: less -FRX
cheatpaths:
- name: community
path: /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/cheat/cheatsheets/community
tags: [ community ]
readonly: true
- name: personal
path: /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/cheat/cheatsheets/personal
tags: [ personal ]
readonly: false
Create the .taskrc file.
% wc -l /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/.taskrc
30 /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/.taskrc
% sed '/^[[:space:]]*$/d' \
/mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/.taskrc | \
grep -v \#
data.location=/mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/.task
The related directory, .task will be created automatically by the takswarrior (note: the binary is named task).
% ls -ld /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/.task
drwxr-xr-x 3 dusko dusko 512 Aug 7 2020 /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/.task
% ls -lh /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/.task
total 112
-rw-r--r-- 1 dusko dusko 34K Aug 7 2020 backlog.data
-rw-r--r-- 1 dusko dusko 10K Aug 7 2020 completed.data
drwxr-xr-x 2 dusko dusko 512B Aug 7 2020 hooks
-rw-r--r-- 1 dusko dusko 4.9K Aug 7 2020 pending.data
-rw-r--r-- 1 dusko dusko 49K Aug 7 2020 undo.data
Create crontab.
% crontab -e
% crontab -l
SHELL=/bin/sh
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin
40 9 * * * env DISPLAY=:0 /mnt/usbflashdrive/scripts/csh/showtasks.sh 2>&1
40 9 * * * env DISPLAY=:0 /mnt/usbflashdrive/scripts/csh/remindgxmsgtcsh.sh 2>&1
% ls -lh /mnt/usbflashdrive/scripts/csh/remindgxmsgtcsh.sh
-rwxr--r-- 1 dusko dusko 1.2K Oct 27 21:26 /mnt/usbflashdrive/scripts/csh/remindgxmsgtcsh.sh
% cat /mnt/usbflashdrive/scripts/csh/remindgxmsgtcsh.sh
#!/bin/csh
remind -c /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/.reminders | \
xmessage -bg black -fg gold -buttons OK:1 -default OK -file -
remind -c+1 /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/.reminders | \
mail -s "weekly reminder" dusko
% ls -lh /mnt/usbflashdrive/scripts/csh/showtasks.sh
-rwxr--r-- 1 dusko dusko 1.0K Aug 5 10:04 /mnt/usbflashdrive/scripts/csh/showtasks.sh
% cat /mnt/usbflashdrive/scripts/csh/showtasks.sh
#!/bin/csh
setenv DISPLAY :0
setenv TASKRC /mnt/usbflashdrive/mydotfiles/.taskrc
/usr/local/bin/xterm -fa gallant -fs 14 \
-geometry 150x38+0+0 -hold \
-e /bin/csh -c /usr/local/bin/task
Modify ~/.shrc
Create ~/.vimrc
% cat ~/.vimrc
set noruler
set nohlsearch
set noincsearch
% sudo pkg install firefox
(some of dependent packages installed:
adwaita-icon-theme, cairo, cups, dbus, ffmpeg, gtk3, harfbuzz,
hicolor-icon-theme, lame, libxkbcommon, pango, wayland-protocols)
% sudo pkg install chromium
(some of dependent packages installed:
consolekit2, flac, dconf, noto-basic, pulseaudio, xdg-utils)
% sudo pkg install thunderbird
(some of dependent packages installed: gtk2)
Add an LDAP address book.
Click Address Book button (inside Mail Toolbar, which is underneath Menu Bar).
File > New > LDAP Directory… > ‘General’ tab
Name: aNameMeaningfulToYou
Hostname: ldap.dept.example.com
Base DN: ou=People,dc=dept,dc=example,dc=com
Port number: 389
Bind DN:
[ ] Use secure connection (SSL)
Click OK
% sudo pkg install libreoffice en_GB-libreoffice
(some of dependency packages installed:
apr (Apache Portable Runtime project), alsa-lib, boost-libs,
curl, cyrus-sasl, db5, iso-codes, javavmwrapper, openjdk11, openjpeg,
openldap24-client, poppler, qt5-core, qt5-dbus, qt5-gui,
twemoji-color-font-ttf, vulkan-headers, xcb-util-image,
xcb-util-keysyms, twemoji-color-font-ttf;
fonts: linuxlibertine-g, liberation-fonts-ttf, GentiumBasic,
crosextrafonts-carlito, crosextrafonts-caladea)
Add “FontPath” sections for fonts installed by LibreOffice.
% cat /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf
Section "Files"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/dejavu/"
EndSection
% sudo vi /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf
% cat /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf
Section "Files"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/dejavu/"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/LinLibertineG/"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/Liberation/"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/GentiumBasic/"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/Carlito/"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/Caladea/"
EndSection
The OpenJDK implementation installed by libreoffice package requires fdescfs(5) mounted on /dev/fd and procfs(5) mounted on /proc. You need to add the following two lines in /etc/fstab.
% cat /etc/fstab
/dev/gpt/swap0/ none swap sw 0 0
/dev/gpt/swap1/ none swap sw 0 0
% sudo vi /etc/fstab
% cat /etc/fstab
/dev/gpt/swap0/ none swap sw 0 0
/dev/gpt/swap1/ none swap sw 0 0
fdesc /dev/fd fdescfs rw 0 0
proc /proc procfs rw 0 0
% sudo pkg install zathura zathura-pdf-poppler zathura-ps
(some of dependency packages installed:
ghostscript9-agpl-base, girara, libnotify, tex-kpathsea, tex-synctex)
Message from ghostscript9-agpl-base:
This package installs a script named dvipdf that depends on dvips.
If you want to use this script you need to install print/tex-dvipsk.
% sudo pkg install tex-dvipsk
(some of dependency packages installed:
libgd, libpotrace, mpfr, openjpeg15, psutils,
teckit, tex-dvipsk, tex-ptexenc, tex-web2c, texlive-base,
texlive-texmf, texlive-tlmgr, xpdfopen, zziplib)
% sudo pkg install tex-xetex
% sudo pkg install jmk-x11-fonts
% cp -i /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf /tmp/
% sudo vi /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf
% xlsfonts | grep -i jmk | wc -l
0
% xlsfonts | grep -i neep | wc -l
0
% xset fp+ /usr/local/share/fonts/jmk-x11-fonts/
% xset fp rehash
% xlsfonts | grep -i jmk | wc -l
144
% xlsfonts | grep -i neep | wc -l
136
% diff \
--unified=0 \
/tmp/fonts.conf.bak \
/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf
--- /tmp/fonts.conf.bak 2022-01-02 15:33:23.417190000 -0800
+++ /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf 2022-01-02 15:49:01.359673000 -0800
@@ -7,0 +8 @@
+ FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/jmk-x11-fonts/"
% cat /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf
Section "Files"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/dejavu/"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/LinLibertineG/"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/Liberation/"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/GentiumBasic/"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/Carlito/"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/Caladea/"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/jmk-x11-fonts/"
EndSection
% sudo pkg install tex-luatex
(also installs the following dependency packages:
tex-basic-engines, tex-formats, tex-libtexlua, tex-libtexluajit)
% sudo pkg install symbola courier-prime libertinus firacode
% mkdir /tmp/toextract
% cd /tmp/toextract
% fetch https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/download/courier-prime-sans
% ls -lh
total 217
-rw-r--r-- 1 dusko wheel 204K Jan 9 19:51 courier-prime-sans
% file courier-prime-sans
courier-prime-sans: Zip archive data, at least v2.0 to extract
% mv courier-prime-sans courier-prime-sans.zip
% unzip courier-prime-sans.zip
% rm -i courier-prime-sans.zip
% cd ..
% pwd
/tmp
% mv toextract courierprimesans
% sudo mv /tmp/courierprimesans /usr/local/share/fonts/
% sudo chown -R root /usr/local/share/fonts/courierprimesans/
% fc-list | grep -i courier | grep -i prime | grep -i sans
/usr/local/share/fonts/courierprimesans/Courier Prime Sans Italic.ttf: Courier Prime Sans:style=Italic
/usr/local/share/fonts/courierprimesans/Courier Prime Sans Bold Italic.ttf: Courier Prime Sans:style=Bold Italic
/usr/local/share/fonts/courierprimesans/Courier Prime Sans Bold.ttf: Courier Prime Sans:style=Bold
/usr/local/share/fonts/courierprimesans/Courier Prime Sans.ttf: Courier Prime Sans:style=Regular
% cd /usr/local/share/fonts/courierprimesans/
% sudo mkfontdir
% sudo mkfontscale
% cd
% xset fp+ /usr/local/share/fonts/symbola/
% xset fp+ /usr/local/share/fonts/courier-prime/
% xset fp+ /usr/local/share/fonts/libertinus/
% xset fp+ /usr/local/share/fonts/firacode/
% xset fp+ /usr/local/share/fonts/courierprimesans/
% xset fp rehash
% cp -i /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf /tmp/
% sudo vi /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf
% diff \
--unified=0 \
/tmp/fonts.conf \
/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf
--- /tmp/fonts.conf 2022-01-09 20:33:45.476371000 -0800
+++ /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/fonts.conf 2022-01-09 20:32:32.612990000 -0800
@@ -8,0 +9,5 @@
+ FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/symbola/"
+ FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/courier-prime/"
+ FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/libertinus/"
+ FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/firacode/"
+ FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/courierprimesans/"
Install Mutt, a text based MUA (Mail User Agent).
% sudo pkg install mutt
(some of dependency packages installed:
gnupg, gpgme, mime-support, pinentry, urlview)
Create the muttrc configuration file.
As I keep my muttrc in a non-home directory, I start mutt with the -F option:
% mutt -F /path/to/my/muttrc
Install aspell-ispell, Ispell compatibility script for aspell.
% sudo pkg install aspell-ispell
Install Aspell English dictionaries.
% sudo pkg install en-aspell
% sudo pkg install beadm
% sudo pkg install keepassxc openconnect rsync
% sudo pkg install graphviz
Install the netpbm suite, a toolkit for conversion of images between different formats.
% sudo pkg install netpbm
In the X Window System, the program xwd (X Window dump) captures the content of a screen or of a window (a.k.a. takes a screenshot). The file generated by xwd can then be read by various other X utilities such as xwud or xv.
To take a screenshot (a.k.a. screen capture) and convert it to png format:
$ xwd | xwdtopnm | pnmtopng > screenshot.png
Note:
If you get this error:
% xwd | xwdtopnm | pnmtopng > screenshot.png
xwdtopnm: can't handle X11 pixmap_depth > 24
pnmtopng: Error reading first byte of what is expected to be a Netpbm
magic number. Most often, this means your input file is empty
a) try a different program (for example, instead of taking a screenshot of firefox browser, try taking a screenshot of chromium browser)
b) exit X session, and start it with a different colur depth, for example:
% exec startx -- -depth 16
Install wireshark.
% sudo pkg install wireshark
In order for wireshark be able to capture packets when used by unprivileged user, /dev/bpf should be in network group and have read-write permissions:
% sudo chgrp network /dev/bpf*
% sudo chmod g+r /dev/bpf*
% sudo chmod g+w /dev/bpf*
In order for this to persist across reboots, add the following to /etc/devfs.conf:
own bpf* root:network
perm bpf* 0660
% sudo cp -i /etc/devfs.conf /etc/devfs.conf.original.bak
Install dia, diagram creation program.
% sudo pkg install dia
% printf %s\\n | sudo tee -a /etc/devfs.conf
% printf %s\\n 'In order for wireshark be able to capture packets when used by' \
| sudo tee -a /etc/devfs.conf
% printf %s\\n 'unprivileged user, /dev/bpf should be in network group and have' \
| sudo tee -a /etc/devfs.conf
% printf %s\\n 'read-write permissions.' | sudo tee -a /etc/devfs.conf
% printf %s\\n 'own bpf* root:network' | sudo tee -a /etc/devfs.conf
% printf %s\\n 'perm bpf* 0660' | sudo tee -a /etc/devfs.conf
Create a Trash directory.
% mkdir ~/trash
Install git.
% sudo pkg install git
% git config --global user.name "duskopijetlovic"
% git config --global user.email "username@yourdomain.com"
Clone a git repository that you would like to update.
% git \
clone \
https://github.com/duskopijetlovic/duskopijetlovic.github.io.git \
duskopijetlovic.github.io
% sudo pkg install ruby
% sudo pkg install ruby27-gems
% sudo pkg install rubygem-irb rubygem-rake rubygem-bundler rubygem-jekyll
% cd duskopijetlovic.github.io/
% bundle exec jekyll serve
Configure cpan(1) module ⁶ so that it can be used by non-root users for installing Perl modules.
% cpan -l
In “What approach do you want? (Choose ‘local::lib’, ‘sudo’ or ‘manual’)”, enter sudo.
Loading internal logger. Log::Log4perl recommended for better logging
CPAN.pm requires configuration, but most of it can be done automatically.
If you answer 'no' below, you will enter an interactive dialog for each
configuration option instead.
Would you like to configure as much as possible automatically? [yes] yes
Warning: You do not have write permission for Perl library directories.
To install modules, you need to configure a local Perl library directory or
escalate your privileges. CPAN can help you by bootstrapping the local::lib
module or by configuring itself to use 'sudo' (if available). You may also
resolve this problem manually if you need to customize your setup.
What approach do you want? (Choose 'local::lib', 'sudo' or 'manual')
[local::lib] sudo
---- snip ----
Configuration is written to:
~/.cpan/CPAN/MyConfig.pm
[TODO]
Try dual boot without rEFInd; that is, try it with only UEFI’s boot loader:
Dual-booting Windows 10 alongside FreeBSD 11.0-RELEASE - FreeBSD Forum
Adding yet another boot loader to the chain is (probably) unnecessary if you’re using UEFI. Most motherboard firmwares already provide a menu for selecting between EFI boot entries. The only thing that may not be obvious is how to add an entry for FreeBSD to this menu so that it lives alongside Windows Boot Manager. Now, if you don’t have a fancy boot menu you can access with the press of a key at startup then you’re going to have to look into using something like GRUB or rEFInd. You might consider using such an option even if you do have a working boot menu provided by your firmware.
Footnotes
[¹] How can I create Recovery Media (DVD or USB), or order Recovery Media (DVD or USB) from Lenovo
(Retrieved on Dec 12, 2021)
Recovery Media is DVD or USB media containing a backup of the original factory condition of a computer as configured by Lenovo, or a PC system user. Recovery Media allows you to reformat the hard drive, reinstall the operating system and reset the system to the original Lenovo factory condition.
Note: Before you start the recovery process, back up all the data that you want to keep. During the recovery, all files on your hard disk drive (HDD), and all system settings will be deleted.
[²] For more details about FreeBSD boot process, see:
13.2. FreeBSD Boot Process - FreeBSD Handbook
2.4. Starting the Installation - FreeBSD Handbook
(Retrieved on Dec 12, 2021)
2.4.1. Booting on i386(TM) and amd64
These architectures provide a BIOS menu for selecting the boot device. Depending upon the installation media being used, select the CD/DVD or USB device as the first boot device. Most systems also provide a key for selecting the boot device during startup without having to enter the BIOS. Typically, the key is either F10, F11, F12, or Escape.
If the computer loads the existing operating system instead of the FreeBSD installer, then either:
- The installation media was not inserted early enough in the boot process. Leave the media inserted and try restarting the computer.
- The BIOS changes were incorrect or not saved. Double-check that the right boot device is selected as the first boot device.
- This system is too old to support booting from the chosen media. In this case, the Plop Boot Manager (http://www.plop.at/en/bootmanagers.html) can be used to boot the system from the selected media.
[³] Disk Labeling
(From “Absolute FreeBSD, 3rd Edition: The Complete Guide to FreeBSD”
By Michael W. Lucas):
- Disk ID Labels: a physical machine offers labels not available on virtual machines.
- Viewing Labels
To view labels, useglabel(8), a shortcut forgeom label.
% glabel list Geom name: nvd0p1 Geom name: nvd0p1 Providers: 1. Name: . . . ---- snip ---- Consumers: 1. Name: nvd0p1 ---- snip ---- ---- snip ---- Geom name: nvd0 Providers: Name: diskid/DISK-20232D8612345 Mediasize: 1024209543168 (954G) Sectorsize: 512 Mode: r0w0e0 secoffset: 0 offset: 0 seclength: 2000409264 length: 1024209543168 index: 0 Consumers: 1. Name: nvd0 Mediasize: 1024209543168 (954G) Sectorsize: 512 Mode: r0w0e0Names of
Disk ID Labelgeoms are in the format ofdiskid/DISK-<hard_drive_serial_number. For example:% ls -lh /dev/diskid/ total 0 crw-r----- 1 root operator 0xa7 Dec 31 12:42 DISK-20232D8612345In this case, this partition would be labelled as
diskid/DISK-20232D8612345.Disk ID labels are hard to read and write. To eliminate them, set the tunable
kern.geom.label.disk_ident.enableto 0 in/boot/loader.conf. - Viewing Labels
GPT GUID (GPT ID) Labels: every GPT partition includes a GUID.
FreeBSD can treat the GUID as a label. Using a GPT ID label makes sense when you have many automatically configured disks, such as large storage arrays. On smaller systems, the 128-bit GUID is not practical because of its length. To disable these labels, set the tunablekern.geom.label.gptid.enableto 0 in/boot/loader.conf.GPT Labels: GPT partitions let you manually assign a label name within the partition table. These labels are physically stored on the disk partition. – It’s recommended to use GPT labels whenever possible.
- GEOM Labels: The
glabel(8)command lets you configure GEOM labels. A GEOM label is specific to FreeBSD’s GEOM infrastructure and appears in/dev/label.
[⁴] Boot from NomadBSD.
Download rEFInd.
% fetch https://iweb.dl.sourceforge.net/project/refind/0.13.2/refind-bin-0.13.2.zip
Copy the rEFInd .zip file to an external USB flash drive.
Reboot.
% sudo shutdown -r now
Return to the machine on which you are installing FreeBSD.
Before mounting the USB flash drive with the rEFInd, you have to mount the device file system (devfs):
# mount -t devfs devfs /dev
Now you can mount the USB flash disk as usual.
[⁵] Packages installed as dependencies of the xorg metapackage:
twm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System
Programming languages, compilers, header files, APIs:
llvm12, glib, lua53, perl5, python38, py38-evdev, py38-pyudev, py38-setuptools, py38-six, pcre, fontconfig, evdev-protoUtilities, tools, applications:
pciids, xbitmaps, xcmsdb, xkeyboard-config, gettext-runtime, encodings, indexinfo, expatxorg-apps (X.org apps metapackage), consists of the following packages:
appres, bitmap, iceauth, mkfontscale, sessreg, setxkbmap, smproxy, x11perf, xauth, xbacklight, xcalc, xclock, xconsole, xcursor-themes, xcursorgen, xdpyinfo, xdriinfo, xev, xf86dga, xgamma, xgc, xhost, xinit, xinput, xkbcomp, xkbevd, xkbutils, xkill, xlsatoms, xlsclients, xmessage, xmodmap, xpr, xprop, xrandr, xrdb, xrefresh, xset, xsetroot, xterm, xvinfo, xwd, xwininfo, xwudDrivers:
mesa-dri, mesa-libs, xorg-drivers (X.org drivers metapackage), consists of the following packages:
xf86-input-keyboard, xf86-input-libinput, xf86-input-mouse, xf86-video-scfb, xf86-video-vesaFonts:
font-adobe-100dpi, font-adobe-75dpi, font-adobe-utopia-100dpi, font-adobe-utopia-75dpi, font-adobe-utopia-type1, font-alias, font-arabic-misc, font-bh-100dpi, font-bh-75dpi, font-bh-lucidatypewriter-100dpi, font-bh-lucidatypewriter-75dpi, font-bh-ttf, font-bh-type1, font-bitstream-100dpi, font-bitstream-75dpi, font-bitstream-type1, font-cronyx-cyrillic, font-cursor-misc, font-daewoo-misc, font-dec-misc, font-ibm-type1, font-isas-misc, font-jis-misc, font-micro-misc, font-misc-cyrillic, font-misc-ethiopic, font-misc-meltho, font-misc-misc, font-mutt-misc, font-schumacher-misc, font-screen-cyrillic, font-sony-misc, font-sun-misc, font-winitzki-cyrillic, font-xfree86-type1, xorg-fonts, xorg-fonts-100dpi, xorg-fonts-75dpi, xorg-fonts-cyrillic, xorg-fonts-miscbitmaps, xorg-fonts-truetype, xorg-fonts-type1, dejavuLibraries:
libFS, libICE, libSM, libX11, libXScrnSaver, libXau, libXaw, libXcomposite, libXcursor, libXdamage, libXdmcp, libXext, libXfixes, libXfont, libXfont2, libXft, libXi, libXinerama, libXmu, libXpm, libXrandr, libXrender, libXres, libXt, libXtst, libXv, libXvMC, libXxf86dga, libXxf86vm, libdmx, libdrm, libedit, libepoll-shim, libepoxy, libevdev, libffi, libfontenc, libglvnd, libgudev, libiconv, libinput, liblz4, libmtdev, libpciaccess, libpthread-stubs, libudev-devd, libunwind, libwacom, libxcb, libxkbfile, libxml2, libxshmfence, pixman, png, readline, xcb-util, xcb-util-wm, xtrans, xorg-libraries, freetype2, mpdecimalxorg-docs, xorg-server, xorgproto, wayland, zstd
[⁶] What is CPAN?
The CPAN Frequently Asked Questions - www.cpan.org
(Retrieved on Jan 1, 2022):
CPAN is the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, a large collection of Perl software and documentation. You can begin exploring from either http://www.cpan.org/ or any of the mirrors listed at http://www.cpan.org/SITES.html.
CPAN is also the name of a Perl module, CPAN.pm, which is used to download and install Perl software from the CPAN archive. This FAQ covers only a little about the CPAN module and you may find the documentation for it by using perldoc CPAN via the command line or on the web at https://metacpan.org/pod/CPAN.
References
Once something opens one of da or gpt/name, the other goes away